Kaliforniako genozidioa

Gaur egungo Kaliforniako jatorrizko herrien gonozidioa

Kaliforniako genozidioa Estatu Batuetako gobernuko agenteek eta herritar batzuk XIX. mendean egindako ekintzak izan ziren, Kaliforniako (Mexiko) konkista estatubatuarraren ondoren, Kaliforniako populazio indigenaren beherakada dramatikoa eragin zuena. 1849 eta 1870 bitartean, Estatu Batuetako kolonoek Kaliforniako 9.500 biztanle inguru hil zituztela uste da modu kontserbadorean, eta esklabotza, bahiketa, bortxaketa, haurren banantzea eta lekualdatze ekintzak orokortu, bultzatu, gauzatu eta onartu egin zituzten estatuko agintariek eta miliziek.

Kaliforniako genozidioa
Irudia
Motagenozidio
Honen parte dagenocide of Indigenous peoples of the Americas (en) Itzuli eta Native American genocide in the United States (en) Itzuli
Denbora-tarte1846 - 1871
KokalekuKalifornia
HerrialdeaAmeriketako Estatu Batuak
Parte-hartzaileak
Pertsona hilak100.000
Pertsona zaurituak25.500

1925eko "Handbook of the Indians of California" liburuak Kaliforniako indigenen populazioa 1848an 150.000 pertsonatik 1870ean 30.000 pertsonara jaitsi zela kalkulatu zuen, eta 1900ean 16.000 pertsonara jaitsi zela. Gaixotasunek, goseak eta sarraskiek eragin zuten murrizketa. Kaliforniako amerikarrak, batez ere urrearen sukarraren garaian, hilketen jomuga izan ziren. Kolonoek 24.000 eta 27.000 amerikar artean ere hartu zituzten lan behartuetarako. Kaliforniako estatuak bere erakundeak erabili zituen kolono zurien alde egiteko, eta bertakoen gonozidioaren arduraduna izan zen.

2000ko hamarkadatik hona, Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako hainbat erakunde akademiko eta aktibistak AEBek Kalifornia konkistatu ondorengo garaia lurraldean bizi ziren amerikarren aurkako genozidio gisa definitu dute, estatu mailako gobernuek eta gobernu federalak egindakoa. 2019an, Gavin Newsom Kaliforniako gobernadoreak barkamena eskatu zuen genozidioagatik, eta ikerketa talde bat osatzea eskatu zuen, gaia hobeto ulertzeko eta etorkizuneko belaunaldiei informazioa emateko.

Aurrekariak aldatu

Herri indigenak aldatu

Espainiarrak iritsi baino lehen, Kalifornia 300.000 indigenen bizilekua zela kalkulatzen da. Talderik handiena Chumash herria izan zen, 10.000 biztanle inguru zituena. Eskualdea oso anitza zen eta hizkuntza ezberdin asko hitz egiten ziren. Eremu honetan aniztasun handia egon zen arren, aurkikuntza arkeologikoek tribuen arteko gatazken ebidentzia gutxi erakusten dute.

Taldeak eremu eta lurralde partikularretara egokituta zeuden. Kaliforniako habitatek eta klimak bizitza basati ugari sostengatu zuten, untxiak, oreinak, arrain barietateak, frutak, sustraiak eta ezkurrak barne. Bertakoek, neurri handi batean, ehiztari-biltzaile bizimodua jarraitzen zuten, euren lurraldean zehar, urtaroetan zehar mugitzen zirelarik, elikagai mota ezberdinen bila.

 
Kaliforniako talde etniko eta linguistiko indigenak europarrak iritsi aurretik.

Lenengo harremanak aldatu

Kaliforniako estatua eta genozidioa aldatu

Dokumentatutako sarraskien zerrenda aldatu

Urtea Data Izena Oraingo kokapena Deskribapena Biktimak
1846 Apirilak 6 Sacramento River massacre California John C. Frémont kapitainaren gizonek Kaliforniako Sacramento ibaian zegoen indiar talde bati (Wintun ziurrenik) eraso zioten, 120 eta 200 indiar artean hilez. 120–200
1846 Maiatzak 12 Klamath Lake massacre California John C. Frémont kapitainaren gizonek, Kit Carson buru zutela, Klamath indiar herrixka bati eraso zioten Klamath lakuaren ertzean, gutxienez 14 pertsona hilez. 14+
1846 Ekaina Sutter Buttes massacre California John C. Frémont kapitainaren gizonek Sacramento ibaiaren ertzean zegoen arrantxeria bati eraso zioten Sutter Buttesetik gertu, zenbait indigena Patwin hilez. 14+
1846 Abendua Pauma massacre California 11 Californio Rancho Pauman harrapatuak izan ziren, indiarrek zaldi lapur bezala hil zituztenak Warner Springsen, Kalifornian, Temeculako sarraskia eragin zuena. 11 (kolono)
1846 Abendua Temecula massacre California 33 to 40 Luiseño Indians killed in an ambush in revenge for the Pauma Massacre east of Temecula, California. 33–40
1847 Martxoa Rancheria Tulea massacre California Esklabista zuriek errepresaliak hartzen dituzte esklabo baten ihesagatik, Tulea Arrantxerian bost indiar sarraskituz. 5
1847 Martxoak 29 Kern and Sutter massacres California In response to a plea from White settlers to put an end to raids, U.S. Army Captain Edward Kern and rancher John Sutter led 50 men in attacks on three Indian villages. 20
1847 Ekainaren amaiera/uztailaren hasiera Konkow Maidu slaver massacre California Slavers kill 12–20 Konkow Maidu Indians in the process of capturing 30 members of the tribe for the purpose of forced slavery. 12–20
1850 Maiatzak 15 Bloody Island massacre California Nathaniel Lyon and his U.S. Army detachment of cavalry killed 60–100 Pomo people on Bo-no-po-ti island near Clear Lake, (Lake Co., California); they believed the Pomo had killed two Clear Lake settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomo people. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo.) This incident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killing of native people all over Northern California. The site is now California Registered Historical Landmark #427. 60–100
1851 Urtarrilak 11 Mariposa War California The gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer militia. Some Native American tribes fought back, beginning with the Ahwahnechees and the Chowchilla in the Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Valley leading a raid on the Fresno River post of James D. Savage, in December 1850. In retaliation Mariposa County Sheriff James Burney led local militia in an indecisive clash with the natives on January 11, 1851 on a mountainside near present-day Oakhurst, California. 40+
1851 Old Shasta Town California Miners killed 300 Wintu Indians near Old Shasta, California and burned down their tribal council meeting house. 300
1852 Apirilak 23 Bridge Gulch massacre California 70 American men led by Trinity County sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than 150 Wintu people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliation for the killing of Col. John Anderson. 150
1852 Azaroa Wright massacre California White settlers led by a notorious Indian hunter named Ben Wright massacred 41 Modocs during a "peace parley". 41
1853 Howonquet massacre California Californian settlers attacked and burned the Tolowa village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people. 70
1853 Yontoket Massacre California A posse of settlers attacked and burned a Tolowa rancheria at Yontocket, California, killing 450 Tolowa during a prayer ceremony. 450
1853 Achulet Massacre California White settlers launched an attack on a Tolowa village near Lake Earl in California, killing between 65 and 150 Indians at dawn. 65–150
1853 Abenduaren 31 baino lehen "Ox" incident California U.S. forces attacked and killed an unreported number of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in what was referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "the chastisement they have received".
1855 Urtarrilak 22 Klamath River massacres California In retaliation for the murder of six settlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war of extermination against the Indians" in Humboldt County, California.
1856 Martxoa Shingletown California In reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred at least 20 Yana men, women, and children near Shingletown, California. 20
1856–1859 Round Valley Settler Massacres California White settlers killed over a thousand Yuki Indians in Round Valley over the course of three years in an uncountable number of separate massacres. 1,000+
1859–1860 Jarboe's War California White settlers calling themselves the "Eel River Rangers", led by Walter Jarboe, killed at least 283 Indian men and countless women and children in 23 engagements over the course of six months. They were reimbursed by the U.S. government for their campaign. 283+
1859 Iraila Pit River California White settlers massacred 70 Achomawi Indians (10 men and 60 women and children) in their village on the Pit River in California. 70
1859 Chico Creek California White settlers attacked a Maidu camp near Chico Creek in California, killing indiscriminately 40 Indians. 40
1860 Ez da ezagutzen Massacre at Bloody Rock California A group of 65 Yuki Indians were surrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in Mendocino County, California. 65
1860 Otsailak 26 Indian Island massacre California In three nearly simultaneous assaults on the Wiyot, at Indian Island, Eureka, Rio Dell, and near Hydesville, California, white settlers killed between 80 and 250 Wiyot in Humboldt County, California. Victims were mostly women, children, and elders, as reported by Bret Harte at Arcata newspaper. Other villages were massacred within two days. The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States #66000208. 80–250
1863 Apirilak 19 Keyesville massacre California American militia and members of the California Volunteers cavalry killed 35 Tübatulabal men in Kern County, California. 35
1863 Abuztuak 28 Konkow Trail of Tears California In August 1863 all Konkow Maidu were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the Round Valley Reservation at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached the Round Valley on 18 September 1863. 184
1864 Oak Run massacre California California settlers massacred 300 Yana Indians who had gathered near the head of Oak Run, California for a spiritual ceremony. 300
1865 Owens Lake massacre California To avenge the killing of a woman and child at Haiwai Meadows, White vigilantes attacked a Paiute camp on Owens Lake in California, killing about 40 men, women, and children. 40
1865 Three Knolls massacre California White settlers massacred a Yana community at Three Knolls on the Mill Creek, California.
1868 Campo Seco California A posse of white settlers massacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, California. 33
1871 Kingsley Cave massacre California 4 settlers killed 30 Yahi Indians in Tehama County, California about two miles from Wild Horse Corral in the Ishi Wilderness. It is estimated that this massacre left only 15 members of the Yahi tribe alive. 30

Biztanleriaren beherakada aldatu

 
Kaliforniako jatorrizko biztanleriaren kalkulua Handbook of the Indians of California (1925) oinarritzat hartuta (Cook 1978)

Legatua aldatu

Auzitegietarako deia aldatu

Barkamena Kaliforniako gobernadorearen eskutik aldatu

Kanpo estekak aldatu