Euskal gramatika: berrikuspenen arteko aldeak

 

==Izen-sintagmak==

 

===Artikuluak, determinatzaileak eta zenbatzaileak===

<small>Artikuluek [[atzizki]]en forma hartzen dute. '''-a, -ak, -ok''' formek kasu [[absolutibo]]a osatzen dute; beste kasu batzuetan '''-a(r)-, -e-, -o-''' erabiltzen dira, atzean kasu atzizki bat dutelarik. Artikulu polar negatiboa, sarritan [[partitibo]] deitzen dena, ez da konbinatzen kasu atzizkiekin.</small>

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A normal [[noun phrase]] with a [[common noun]] as [[Head (linguistics)|head]] must contain exactly one determiner or exactly one quantifier but not both, as in the above examples. However, the numerals may co-occur with a determiner.

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The items ''beste'' 'other' and ''guzti'' 'all' do not 'fill' the determiner or quantifier position and therefore ''require'' an article, other determiner or quantifier.

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The article ''-a, -ak'' acts as the [[default (computer science)|default]] determiner, obligatory with a [[common noun]] in the absence of another determiner or quantifer (even in [[lemma (morphology)|citation forms]] in popular usage).

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The article ''-(r)ik'', traditionally called a [[Partitive case|partitive]] suffix (cf. French ''de''), replaces ''-a, -ak'' in [[negative polarity item|negative-polar]] contexts, especially with indefinite noun phrases in [[grammatical polarity|negative]] sentences. It is never treated as grammatically plural.

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A noun phrase with a [[proper noun]] or a [[pronoun]] as head usually does not contain either a determiner or a quantifier.

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The absence of any determiner or quantifier from a common-noun–head noun phrase is not possible except in certain specific contexts, such as in certain types of [[Predicate (grammar)|predicate]] or in some [[adverbial]] expressions.

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| A [[genitive case|genitive]] noun phrase precedes its [[possession (linguistics)|possessed]] head to express possessive or similar relationships.

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The possessed noun phrase retains the same determination and quantification features described above for noun phrases generally.

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The [[head (linguistics)|head]] noun of a possessed noun phrase may be omitted. In this case the article or other determiner is still retained, now attached to the genitival element.

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* ''Koldo'' → ''Koldo'''ren'''''

* ''Paris'' → ''Paris'''ko'''''

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''-Ko'' (or ''-go'') can be suffixed to a wide range of other words and phrases, many of them [[adverbial]] in function, to form adjectival expressions which behave [[Syntax|syntactically]] just as genitive phrases do.

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| [[Lexicon|Lexical]] [[adjective]]s, in contrast to adjectival expressions (see above), immediately follow the head noun but precede any article, determiner or quantifier.

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When adjectives, adjectivals or genitives are used as predicates, they usually take the article (singular ''-a'', plural ''-ak'').

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